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第35章让生命在书香与自然中升华(5)
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TheIdeaofaUy(Ⅱ)
[英国]约翰·亨利·纽曼JohnHenryNe>
Nowfromtheseiowhiightbeadded,itisplain,first,thattheuniofkaiheraorthemeansofthatsenseemee,ofwhichatthisdaywehearsomuquarters:thisotbedeisequallyplain,thatsuuniisnotthewholeoftheprocess.Theesists,hepassiveretothemindofanumberofideashithertounknowntoit,butinthemind'seidsimultaionuponandtowardsandamongthosenewideas,whicharerushinginuponit.Itistheaativeptoorderahematterofourats;itisamakisesubjectivelyourown;or,touseafamiliarword,itisadigestionofwhatweretothesubstanceofourpreviousstateofthought;andwithoutthisissaidtofollow.Thereis,uherebeaparisonofideasohaheyind,aizingoftheWefeelourmindstandexpandingtheoreferwhatwelearntoalready.Itisiewhichistheilluminatioioonwards,ofthatmeowhichbothandwhatwearelearning,theagmassofravitates.Arulygreati,andreizedtobesuchbytheonopinionofmankind,suchastheiofAristotle,orofSt.Thomas,orofoethe(IpurposelytakeihinandwithouttheCatholicpale,whenIwouldspeakoftheiassuewhichtakesaectedvieasta,farandnear,andwhiinsightintotheiheseoher;withoutwhichthereisnowhole,apossessesthekonlyofthings,butalsooftheirmutualaiomerelysideredasat,butasphilosophy.
Agly,whenthisanalytical,distributive,harmonizingprocessisaway,themindexperienent,andisnotreedasenlightenedorpreheeveritmayaddtoitsknowledge.Forimemory,asIhavealreadysaid,doesnotmakeaphilosopher,ahanadiarybecalledagrammar.Therearemenwhoembratheirmindsavastmultitudeofideas,butwithlittlesensibilityabouttheirrealrelationstowardseachother.Thesemaybeantiquarians,annalists,naturalists;theymaybelearheymaybeversedinstatistics;theyaremostusefulintheirownplace;Ishouldshrinkfromspeakifullyofthem;still,thereisnothinginsumentstoguaraheabsenarrownessofmihihanwell-readmen,ormenofinformation,theyhavenoteciallydeservestheureofmind,orfulfilsthetypeofliberaledu.
Inlikemaimesfallinwithpersonswhohaveseenmuchoftheworld,andofthemenwho,intheirday,haveplayedaspicuouspartinit,butwhogehing,andhaveiorueseheyaboundininformatioail,deaining,aboutmenandthings;and,haviheiveryclearorsettledprinciples,religiousorpolitical,theyspeakofeveryohing,onlyassomanyphenomena,leteinthemselves,ahing,notdisgthem,anytruth,thehearer,butsimplytalking.Noonewouldsaythatthesepersons,welliheyare,hadattaioaureofiophilosophy.
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现在,从这些例子以及更多这样的例子可以明显看出:首先,知识的交流必然是以知识的扩充和启发为条件或手段。
关于这一点,现在一些地方有许多讨论,这是无可否认的事实;但是,同样明显的是:这样的交流并不是知识的扩充和启发的全过程。
知识的扩充不仅指被动地接受一些以往不知道的观念,也指在这些新观念涌入头脑的同时,对其进行积极的思考。
这样的思考具有创造力,能够将获得的知识变得条理清楚、意义鲜明;这使客观事物转变成我们的主观认识,用一个通俗的词来形容,就是“消化”
,使新接收的知识能够与我们?有的思想融合在一起;没有这一环节,就不可能完成知识的扩充过程。
当新的知识进入大脑,我们必须使它系统化,并将其与别的知识互相对比,只有这样,才能使我们的知识有所扩充。
当我们不仅学习,而且知道把正在学习的知识与已?掌握的知识进行比较时,我们才会感觉到思想在成长和扩展。
启发并不只是单纯地表示增加知识,而是指将我们学过的和正在学的知识在脑子里集中起来,并使它们不断向前发展进步。
因此,被人类公认为真正伟大的一些智者,比如亚里士多德、圣托马斯、牛顿或歌德(我谈到这些智者时,特意在天主教内外都举出一些例子),他们都能够把新的和老的、以前的和现在的、远的和近的等等不同的观念联系起来看待,他们能够看到这些观念相互之间的影响。
没有这种能力,人们就看不到事物的整体,看不到事物的核心。
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